Understandings of Genesis and Exodus

Understandings of Genesis and Exodus Judaism and Christianity are the two most known monotheistic religions. Both consider heathens to love the One True God and offer a significant piece of the equivalent holy compositions. Among these works is the Torah, which likewise contains the initial five books of the Christian Old Testament. Despite the fact that the stories are the equivalent, the point of view of every religion differs. The plan of this short paper is to introduce a few contrasts and likenesses among Jewish and Christian understandings of Genesis and Exodus. To start with, the distinction between the Jewish and Christian understandings of Genesis lies in the beneficiary of its message. As indicated by the Jewish psyche, the country of Israel is consistently the immediate object of the Genesis message. This Israel-centered mindset is solid to the point that Professors Bruce D. Chilton and Jacob Neusner reports that From [Rabbinic Judaism] viewpoint, the whole account of Scripture from Genesis through Kings shows how Israel restates the narrative of Adam and Eve, yet it is an example with a distinction: Adam and Eve lost heaven, never to return, yet Israel after its outcast came back to the Land and, with the Torah for direction, would suffer there.[1] Customarily, Genesis is seen as an authentic record that portrays the starting point, early inborn history, and Gods appointment of the country. As per the Jewish Encyclopedia, the essential focal point of Genesis is to show that the individuals of Israel are slid in an immediate line from Adam, the primary man made by God, through genuine relationships in similarity with Israelitish moral standards, i.e., monandric marriages.[2] However, history isn't the main Jewish comprehension of Genesis. Albeit no proper arrangement of principles is expressly given in the content of Genesis, Jews comprehend the strict showing contained in the tales. The pervasive lessons incorporate the presence of One True God who made the sky and the earth, mankind as the crown of Gods creation, and the Patriarchs. To some degree in accordance with the Israel-centered view, Christianity holds that Genesis portrays these referenced authentic and political race themes. By and by, the Christian comprehension cen teredness isn't just the early history of Israel, however the Person of Jesus Christ. Along these lines, it is most ordinarily that the Christian comprehension of Genesis searches for Christology as opposed to a national history. As per this understanding, Genesis accounts how humankind has trespassed against God and how God, starting through the appointment of Israel, is recovering humanity to Himself through Jesus Christ. Thus, the subtleties of the portrayals in Genesis are found in their full importance in the light of the Cross. Model subtleties are the seed of the lady expressed in Genesis 3:15, the gift guarantee to all groups of the earth through Abram in Genesis 12:3, and the prediction concerning Judah in Genesis 49:10. Every one of these guarantees and predictions discover their satisfaction in Jesus Christ. In like manner, Jewish and Christian understandings of the book of Exodus fluctuate in its message application. For the country of Israel, the book of Exodus presents the most central laws, customs, morals, and love portrayals. To the Jewish country, the utilization of and submission to these laws is strict. For example, they are to killed certain offenders, comply with the Sabbath guidelines, and fabricate the sanctuary as indicated by the heavenly directions. This exacting attitude isn't severe to the Jews traveling toward the Promised Land. It has been implanted in the Pharisees brain of Jesus time and to the extent todays standard Jews. Rather than this exacting comprehension, Christians don't hold to the strict utilization all things considered and customs. Despite the fact that the Christian comprehension of Exodus includes the redemption of Israel and the giving of the law, the use of different laws and customs (other than the Ten Commandments and fundamental good morals) are not carefully watched. In lieu, Christians apply the guideline behind these different laws. Also in the comprehension of the book of Genesis, Christology takes Christian attitude past the occasions portrayed in the book of Exodus. For example, the Passover festivity, the redemption from Egypt, the sprinkled blood for the Covenant, and the Feast of Harvest discover their satisfaction in Jesus Christ completed work. But the distinctions examined above, Jewish and Christian understandings of Genesis and Exodus do share similitudes. The two points of view accept that these two first books impart genuine events, are roused by God, are imperative to strict history, and enlighten their confidence. The divergences among Judaism and Christianity doesn't invalidate Christianitys root in Judaism. In this way, Christians share with Judaism its comprehension on the significance of the Patriarchs, Israels national political race, and giving of the law, despite the fact that Christians don't see these as an end in themselves yet as pointers to the Messiah. They additionally share tenets found in the book of Exodus concerning sin, the need for amends, and the truth that Gods love and heavenliness are indistinguishable. As quickly examined previously, both Judaism and Christianity comprehend the general need and benefit of obeying and living in understanding to Gods heavenly pronouncements given in Exodus. Jes us Christs satisfaction of the Law didn't invalidate it; rather, it gives Spirit-conceived adherents another soul and heart which empower them to live faithful. As found in this paper, there are a few contrasts and likenesses among Jewish and Christian understandings of Genesis and Exodus. Their disparities emerge in the centrality of their comprehension. Though Judaism gets Genesis and Exodus with an Israel-centered mindset, Christianitys inclination is to see similar books through Christological focal points. Regardless, the two religions do have comparable comprehension about the significance of Israels history, political race, and a few precepts introduced all through Genesis and Exodus. May Christians shrewdly utilize these comparable understandings of the book of Genesis and Exodus to guide Gods darling Israel toward Jesus Christ! Bruce D. Chilton and Jacob Neusner, Classical Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism: Comparing Theologies (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2004), 43. Emil G. Hirsch and Benno Jacob, The Book of Genesis, JewishEncyclopedia.com, http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=137letter=Gsearch=Genesis#443.

Business Process Improvement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Process Improvement - Essay Example Harrington (1991) proposed that BPI focuses more on doing the things directly so as to best use the assets that will prompt the accomplishment of the ideal result. As indicated by Harrington (1991), this foundational approach works through the arrangement of the business against with the key objectives and motivations behind the association. From one perspective, one among the procedures that can interpret the achievement of business is through execution the board of its human asset. Augmenting the assets, specifically, the human asset, in business lined up with the company’s objectives will help the association for development. As indicated by Daniels and Daniels (2004), execution the board is the way toward taking care of the basic components of execution specifically the conduct and results. Dealing with these components will ensure that the representatives are satisfying the concurred guidelines which achieve higher efficiency and inspiration. Be that as it may, execution the board has its own one of a kind inadequacies (Dooren, no date) which are absence of incorporation, choice difficulties, absence of initiative help, ineptitude, correspondence challenges, motivation challenges, absence of checking, absence of assessment, and usage disappointment as recognized by Saravanja (Regenesys, 2011). In such manner, this paper gets a handle on the genuine requirement for development of execution of execution the board. Given this, this examination predominantly digs at deliberately tending to the inadequacies of execution the executives, explicitly, its usage issues. In tending to the issue zone of execution the executives, it highlights proposing a program to deliberately improve the issue. Tasks Management as a Discipline According to Samson and Singh (2008), activities the executives is a territory of the board which manages the controlling, structuring and re †planning its specific activities of business that is intended for making products and en terprises. This field of the executives takes in the responsibility of ensuring that the association is working at its best so as to play out its most productive working through using just hardly any required assets. In addition, this methodology is comprised of key plan, association, arrangement, readiness just as actualizing the errands that can be purchased long †term or short †term. Notwithstanding that, such procedure is worried about making the general activities in business much more firmly interconnected than they have been already. In such manner, the tasks chiefs should act along with different directors inside the association to guarantee a smooth business activity. The Processes of Stakeholders The stakeholders’ association in business forms is complex. Then, the greatest part done by the partners is their inclusion in the dynamic procedures. This makes the partners play an even expanded significant job in the board. As per Yosie and Herbst (1998), those associated with partner forms are likewise occupied with a wide exhibit of critical thinking alternatives however such have its own special qualities and shortcomings. A particular meaning of partner doesn't exist yet what is known is that they take part in prompting advisory groups, offering discretionary question answer, fathoming forms, exchange of guidelines, just as deciding (Yosie and Herbst, 1998). For this situation, execution the executives is additionally part of the stakeholders’ forms. Execution managem

The Real World of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

The Real World of Management - Essay Example the course of utilizing explicit scientific and evaluative methodological apparatuses which can assist with recognizing, advance and assess the nature of learning techniques inside associations. (Easterby-Smith and Araujo 1999). The coming out of the possibility of the ‘learning organization’ is secured with that perhaps by characterizing commitment gives a hypothetical structure interfacing the skill of living in a situation where there is expanded change with the ensuing requirement for learning. Loss of the steady state implies that our general public and the entirety of its establishments are continually experiencing change. We can't anticipate new consistent states that will keep going for our own lifetimes. We should in this manner figure out how to acknowledge, direct, control and deal with these changes. We not just must be in a situation to be competent to change our establishments, according to the rising changing circumstances in the working together association; yet should likewise be in a situation to create and create foundations which are fit for realizing their own proceeding with change. (Schon 1973) Proficiency and sound rivalry are, by a long shot and wide an element of information age and handling data about the market, firms and domains are prearranged in systems of creation, the board and dissemination, the center financial exercises are worldwide that is, they are competent to fill in as a unit continuously, or given time, on a natural scale. (Castells 2001) The Learning Company is a dream of what may be conceivable. It isn't shown up at by essentially preparing people; this just occurs because of learning at the entire association structure. A Learning association encourages the preparation of every one of its individuals and persistently changing itself. (Pedler et. al. 1991) The universal deterioration of creation in worldwide worth chains, driven by mechanical advancement, cost, access to assets and markets, and exchange approach changes, challenges the manner in which we look

About the Beat Writers, Poets and Beat Generation Research - 550 Words

About the Beat Writers, Poets and Beat Generation Research (Essay Sample) Content: About the Beat Writers, Poets and the Beat GenerationPatrick M. MakauEast Africa University The beat generation can be traced to the post second world war period as writers began to form a sense of self definition upon the discovery of this very famous word; beat. The beat generation comprised of a group of the earliest writers who had assembled together for the purpose of forming a feeling of self-definition among themselves.Hustlers and Jazz musicians began to use the word beat after the World War II. The word was a slang term meaning down and out, or simply poor and exhausted. It was during this period that Mezz Mezzrow, a jazz musician, combined the word beat with other words such as beat-up or dead beat which he wrote in his book; Really the Blues. Herbert Huncke, a Times Square hustler, brought to the attention of William Burroughs, a writer, the use of the word beat in 1944. From Burroughs, the word beat was consequently passed on to Jack Kerouac and Allen Gins burg. It can therefore be said that the term beat was coined in the late 1940s by Jack Kerouac and was eventually popularized by himself and other writers such as Lawrence Ferlinghetti and Allen Ginsburg who were at the time beginning to gain prominence. The beat generation used the term to give them a definitive tag for their personal as well as social positions, and perspectives (Mayeer 1).The anti-authoritarian politics as well as the insurgent thinking of the beat legacy bears great influence in stores where such literature can be found. Beat poetry, on the other hand, is a post war concept which evolved around the late 1940s around New York City and the West Coast, and San Francisco eventually became the center of the movement in the 1950s. The movement is in essence an aftermath of a war. By the end of the Second World War, poets like Gary Snyder, Allen Ginsberg, Gregory Gorso and Lawrence Ferlinghetti began to question mainstream culture and politics and they later became t he beat generation. The beat generation comprised of young writers and poets who were determined to change consciousness and to defy conventional writing. At that time, the beats became closely intertwined with the renaissance movement poets of San Francisco such as Robert Duncan and Kenneth Rexroth (Kelog 1).The beats were dedicated to the battle against conformity and as such literary tradition was key to their work. The beat poets used hallucinogenic drugs to achieve higher consciousness. The poets also used meditation and Eastern religion to achieve higher consciousness and Buddhism became very important to most of the beat poets such as Allen Ginsberg and Gary Snyder who intensely studied Buddhism. Much of their works borrow heavily from the morals and principles that the poets learned from this religion.The beat poets are represented by Howl and Other Poems which was the first book from the beats written by Allen Ginsberg. This book was published in 1956 by City Lights press w hich belonged to Lawrence Farlinghetti (Mayer 2)The beat poets gained national attention and recognition after a case in which Ginsberg had been charged for obscenities after he publi...

Lord Of The Flies Film Analysis - 1084 Words

A novel should consist of many compelling qualities in order for it to be adapted into a film. Lord of the Flies most definitely has these qualities like a strong conflict, interesting plot, and many literature techniques. Peter Brook created a film adaptation of Lord of the Flies in 1963. Peter Brook, director of the Lord of the flies film, did a commendable job of making the movie as similar as possible to the novel by William Golding. There are still a few key differences that make the novel much more compelling to read than watching the film. The movie was lacking in showing and explaining key symbols like the lord of the flies, and changed important scenes like when the british navy arrives on the island. However, Peter Brook did an†¦show more content†¦When the other boys come running out of the woods, they see even more officers behind the first one. The officers do not talk to the children and the children show little emotion which does not give the reader an idea of what they are feeling. In the book, when Ralph sees the naval officer, the officer talks to Ralph and asks him if him and the others were playing a game of war. He also asks Ralph if there are any dead bodies as a joke. Ralph replies saying that two boys died and they were actually having a war. This is important because it is an example of irony since the naval officer thinks the whole situation is a joke or game but it is actually real and savage. Ralph and the others also spill tears of relief and sadness but the movie does not express that enough. One way the film and the novel are similar is with the character development of Simon. In the film, Simon is reclusive, kind, gentle, and encouraging. He enjoys to be alone and helps the littluns in any way he can. Simon also encourages Ralph to continue being the leader of the children. He always had the most positive outlook and stated many times the children and him would get rescued. In the book, Simon is a Christ figure, passive and enjoys isolation to reflect upon his thoughts. He gives his food to the littluns and supports Ralph and his beliefs. In the book and film, he uses his intuition to come to the realization that the beast is merely the evil inside themselves. Simon isShow MoreRelatedUtopia:The Flawed Pursuit for Perfection1000 Words   |  4 Pagesbecome prominent in modern works and form the basis for this analysis in William Golding’s The Lord of the Flies and Suzanne Collins’s The Hunger Games. Through their most recognised pieces, Golding and Collin s demonstrate that free will and control cannot be moderated effectively to sustain a utopian society. Demonstrating that human greed and corruption dismantle these ideals, effectively creating a dystopia. 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Pride and Prejudice Essay The Faults of Pride and Prejudice

The Faults of Pride and Prejudice If we investigate the themes, characters and setting of Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice in an effort to find faults of logic, we must first recognize that the entire work is a fault of logic because Austens world is a microcosm of one level of society, a level wherein everything and everyone turns out kindly, whether they be heroes or villains, rich or poor, or proud or prejudice. This is because unlike conventional romantic novels, like Wuthering Heights, there is no deeply passionate love displayed in this novel, no horrific consequences of being left without an annual inheritance, and even the alleged villains of the piece, like Wickham, are sprinkled with enough of the milk of human†¦show more content†¦Further, Austen portrays love and marriage as something more akin to friendship and a mutually-shaped pact between two individuals who, though they may have misgivings towards one another, still find one another tolerable. However, there is no love based on the fiery r omantic passion we see motivating characters throughout the realm of romantic literature. Austen is illogical in the sense that she sees the love trials and tribulations of her characters as being the stuff of comedic irony more than she does passionate feeling and emotion. The fact that all of the sisters find husbands, despite being poor and inappropriately behaved in social settings within their class, is illogical. However, what is more illogical is the methodical, rational, mature, evolutionary-like way in which the characters who marry come to be united. It is almost as if Austen is saying there is a slow, linear process of connections that occurs between those who choose to marry one another, one in which each comes to a higher sense of understanding of each other as well as self-understanding. 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Swot Analysis Auto Parts Store Essay Example For Students

Swot Analysis Auto Parts Store Essay Southeast Racing Parts (SIR) is a proposed specialty auto parts retailer focusing on the amateur car racing Set. SIR is an imaginative business venture With a positive prospect for growth and expansion. The business plan demonstrates a majority Of strengths and opportunities With only a minimum Of discernible weaknesses and threats. Most of the potential negatives in this business plan are small, manageable, and can be overcome. After careful analysis, it appears that SIR is a good business risk with the potential for significant success. One of the most important opportunities for SIR is its proximity to its customers-? both physically and idealistically. The husband and wife team who will manage and operate the business are racing enthusiasts with many collective years of racing experience and connections. They understand and relate to the mentality and desires of their customers. Also, the location of their retail location is very appropriate, North Carolina is a hotbed of amateur racing enthusiasts-?the sport has increased tremendously in the United States in the past decade, with significant growth in the Southeast. We will write a custom essay on Swot Analysis Auto Parts Store specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The fact that their store will be located directly across the street from a new go-kart/entertainment complex means that they will have immediate access to a large potential customer base. People will choose to shop at SIR based on convenience. One potential weakness: however, is based on the fact that they will be relying too much on one single retail location. The owners say they want to keep their business small in order to offer the highest quality customer service. It is certainly possible to operate a larger business and still be committed to the absolute best in customer service. By limiting the size of their business right from the start, they will be reducing the opportunities for successful growth. SIR states via their proposed business plan on the Palo Alto Software website (2010) that their mission is to become the premier destination for entry level and novice racing parts: however, they will certainly not reach that goal if they continue to concentrate the majority Of their efforts on one retail location. Although they state that it will be a supplement to their retail business, the owners of SIR are also going to be engaging in mail order sales. This is an opportunity to reach a much larger market, and should be a greater object of focus. While it is true that the sport of amateur auto racing is growing tremendously, it is still a small niche market. It is certainly a strength that SIR will have a nice color catalog and a portion of its profits will be augmented by mail order sales, but this area offers the company a much larger chance to tap into their core audience on a national level without much additional risk. The business plan addresses the fact that the main competition is likely to come trot Internet-based companies tottering a lower price and convenience. If SIR is going to be doing all their mail order business solely via catalog telephone, and fax they simply will not be able to compete with an on- line operation offering lower prices and more selection. SIR states that this area is a logical next step for future expansion-?to be truly competitive and not be out-dated and outmoded from the inception SIR should include web-based sales in its business plan. Another reason SIR should consider Internet over traditional mail order sales from the Start is that fact that a large part Of their plan for future growth includes establishing and expanding a line of own-brand researched. This is a significant strength and an opportunity in their business plan because house brands have very high profit margins. Plus, strengthening the brand strengthens the business. Establishing a brand is a complicated task; however, and must be done correctly. Corps own business plan reiterates that fact that racers are a picky bunch-?always looking for the highest quality items. .u232f1e606094b7c6c7819568a60f8bda , .u232f1e606094b7c6c7819568a60f8bda .postImageUrl , .u232f1e606094b7c6c7819568a60f8bda .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u232f1e606094b7c6c7819568a60f8bda , .u232f1e606094b7c6c7819568a60f8bda:hover , .u232f1e606094b7c6c7819568a60f8bda:visited , .u232f1e606094b7c6c7819568a60f8bda:active { border:0!important; } .u232f1e606094b7c6c7819568a60f8bda .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u232f1e606094b7c6c7819568a60f8bda { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u232f1e606094b7c6c7819568a60f8bda:active , .u232f1e606094b7c6c7819568a60f8bda:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u232f1e606094b7c6c7819568a60f8bda .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u232f1e606094b7c6c7819568a60f8bda .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u232f1e606094b7c6c7819568a60f8bda .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u232f1e606094b7c6c7819568a60f8bda .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u232f1e606094b7c6c7819568a60f8bda:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u232f1e606094b7c6c7819568a60f8bda .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u232f1e606094b7c6c7819568a60f8bda .u232f1e606094b7c6c7819568a60f8bda-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u232f1e606094b7c6c7819568a60f8bda:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Analysis of Fiction Elements in Wuthering Heights EssayIn order to prove to those save consumers that the house brand is on a par with name brand equipment, SIR will need to engage in significant brand- building activities. The Internet provides an excellent opportunity to create brand wariness and should not be overlooked as a key selling tool for the own-brand parts as well as their other products, Although there are respectable margins in many of the types to products that SIR is looking to sell, the initial investment is likely to be high. Quality race parts are expensive, and due to the fact that there are numerous applications for parts and accessories, SIR will be required to create a substantial inventory from the beginning. A large variety of makes, models, years, and custom jobs means many different parts to serve the same purpose parts also quickly become obsolete, 50 there will need to be a plan in lace to get rid of unsuitable merchandise by returning it to the distributor or manufacturer, or selling to another vendor. Either way, a better plan must be in place for purchasing and managing inventory to mitigate this potentially costly threat that was not addressed in the business plan. SIR did address the fact that they have established solid relationships with numerous vendors vivo are willing to Offer incentives and deals to get the new business Off the ground. Of course doing this will be advantageous to the manufacturers and distributors in the long UN, because if SIR does well, they Will grow and order more from the vendors. Large vendors are not always willing to extend this kind of long-term investment to small start-up companies, so this is a definite strength that should be taken advantage of. The vendors are likely to have seen the potential in Corps growth because they have seen the growth in the marketplace in general and realize that SIR is in a position to take advantage off market trending in their favor. The business plan did an excellent job of identifying the target market and the trends that are moving in their favor. While there are not very many professional racers, there are certainty large numbers to people who wish they could be. SIR identified two key segments of the population that will make up the core of their customer base: serious young cart racers who have chosen the sport over more traditional sports activities, and Baby Boomers who now have the time and resources available to indulge in a long-held dream of racing. It is rare for a business to have two very well delineated target markets that are relatively easy to target. This information will help them in their marketing efforts. In terms of marketing and other necessary budgets, the owners of SIR are willing to wait to receive any profits from the business until the long-term debt has been satisfied. They plan reinvest whatever profits they see early on to finance the growth of the company. The owners have provided very detailed income statements and have outlined a very realistic model for small profits in years one and two, with the profit almost doubling by the third year. Based on their annual estimates, this is a reasonable growth calculation. Carps business plan is thorough and well Hough-out. If they address the few threats and weaknesses pointed out in this analysis, the business should hue a good chance for success. If they are able to acquire the additional funding they will need to pay for startup costs and initial inventory purchases, SIR has an opportunity to realize an acceptable profit.

Lithuania Eu Cultural Policy Area Essay Example

Lithuania Eu Cultural Policy Area Essay Lithuanian Cultural Policy and the European Union The cultural policy has been adopted by the European Union during the 1990s with the aim of creating a European identity which would bring the people of Europe closer and which would lead them to identify themselves as â€Å"Europeans†. On the other hand, the cultural policy adopted by the Union remained supplementary in its character as the member states did not want to lose their sovereignties, especially on such an issue that underlines the national identities, (Sassatelli, 436) As a result, the European cultural policy became one that respects and tries to protect the national cultures of the member states on the one hand, while it tries to create a European culture and identity on the other. In other words, the main aim of the European cultural policy is to create unity in diversity. Sassatelli, 30) Although it is supplementary in character and although the Union is not the decision maker in the cultural matters, the member states are expected to follow the cultural policy of the Union which suggests them to protect their national heritage, cooperate with other member states in cultural matters, to promote an inclusive national culture, to adopt a democratic, open and competitive national cultural policy. Lithu ania, which became a member of the European Union in 2004, had a different cultural policy understanding than the Union and its member states as it was a Communist country. We will write a custom essay sample on Lithuania Eu Cultural Policy Area specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lithuania Eu Cultural Policy Area specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lithuania Eu Cultural Policy Area specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer With the end of Communism and with the aim of becoming a member of the European Union, Lithuania has changed its cultural policy and shaped the new policy according to the idea of cultural policy adopted by the Union; a competitive, inclusionary, and based on cooperation. European Union Cultural Policy The first steps towards the establishment of a cultural policy in the European Union were taken during the late 1970s, when the European Union was European Community. In the 1973 with the wave of enlargement and with the economic crisis the Community faced, the member states signed a Declaration of the European Identity. With the Declaration they stated that the member states of the Community share common attitudes and their aim is to build a society which gives priority to the individuals. (Bozoki, 2) The low turn out in the first direct elections for the European parliament made the Community to realize that there was a need to take measures for unification of peoples of Europe as it became obvious that economic integration alone would not lead to such thing. In 1984, the European Council set up a Committee for a People’s Europe. The main aim of the Committee was to take necessary measures to strengthen the European identity. The Committee produced two reports in both of which it was suggested to increase cooperation between the member states in the area of culture, information, and communication. The reports also argued for the development of cultural projects in the form of cultural exchanges, town twining schemes, and youth programs (Bozoki 3). However, the reports were away from proposing a common cultural policy. Another attempt to create a European cultural policy came in the mid 1980s when the Community was preparing itself to the Single European Act, which created the internal market. In 1985, the Delors Commission started to implement the proposals of the Committee for a People’s Europe. During the time the blue flag with twelve stars were adopted as the official flag of the Community. European passports, driving licenses were introduced together with the European postage stamps. (Bozoki, 3) The European Cultural Area was created with the aim of promoting educational exchanges, translation of literary works, and town twining schemes. Another program that was adopted during the time was the Cultural Capitals of Europe. The European Union has legalized its cultural policy with the Treaty of Maastricht, the treaty establishing the European Union, for the first time in 1991. The 151. Article of the treaty states â€Å"The Community shall contribute to the flowering of the cultures of the Member States, while respecting their national and regional diversity and at the same time bringing the common cultural heritage to the fore†. Bozoki, 4) The article on the Cultural Policy further suggests that â€Å"Cultural policy is governed by the principle of subsidiarity, with Community action is to be taken only if the objective cannot be achieved sufficiently by member states alone. Thus EU-level cultural policy is limited to encouraging cooperation between member states, and, if necessary supporting and supplementing their action†. (Bozoki, 4) According to the article the Union should take into consideration cu ltural compatibility when it implements cultural policies. The European Cultural Policy had three aims. The first one of these was to improve the knowledge of the culture and history of the Europe and its people. The second aim was to conserve the European cultural heritage and the last aim was to support the cultural exchange and artistic creation. In order to achieve these aims three cultural programs have been implemented by the Union between 1996 and 1999. The first one of these programs was â€Å"Kaleidoscope†. The aim of the program was to encourage artistic creation and promote cultural awareness among the peoples of Europe in the areas of creative arts, performing arts, and applied arts by means of exchange and cultural cooperation. Kouveliotis, 5) The second program was â€Å"Ariane†. It aimed to promote knowledge of European literary works through the means of translation. The objective of the program was to create awareness in the member states regarding the current literary art together with the current drama. (Kouveliotis, 6) The third program that implemente d in the 1997- 2000 period was â€Å"Raphael†. The aim of the program was to encourage cooperation among the member countries of the Union in the area of cultural heritage. Kouveliotis, 8) The program aimed to bring the common cultural to the fore while respecting the national diversities. The European Capital of Culture was another program that adopted by the European Union. The main objective of the program was to highlight the diversity and richness of European cultures and to promote greater mutual acquaintance between European citizens. (Kouveliotis, 10) Under the program starting from 2005, each year a city would be chosen as the European capital of culture. The objectives of the program were to highlight the artistic movements and styles shared by Europeans, to promote events involving people active in culture from other cities in the member states of the Union, to ensure mobilization and participation of large sections of population, to encourage reception of citizens of the European Union and to reach as wide an audience as possible by employing multimedia and multilingual approach, to promote dialogue between European cultures and other cultures in the world, to exploit the historic heritage, urban architecture, and quality of the city. Kouveliotis, 10) In the year 2000, the Union adopted Culture 2000 program under which all the three programs were merged. The Culture 2000 program aims to promote creativity and disseminate culture through support Europe wide cooperation between cultural organizations, institutions within and outside of the Union (Kouveliotis, 12). Under the program three types of activities were defined to be support ed. These are innovative activities, experimental actions of multiannual cultural cooperation, and cultural events with European dimension. Kouveliotis, 12) In 2007, Culture 2007 program was implemented by the Union for the period of 2007- 2013. (Dewey, 99) The main aim of the program is to focus on the mobility of artists and art works in order to enhance cultural cooperation in the Union. Lithuanian Cultural Policy Lithuania is one of the countries that faced transition from Communism to liberal democracy. Like all other policies the cultural policy of the country was also affected by that change in the regime. During the Soviet period the cultural policy of the country were under the control of the Communist Party (Council of Europel/ERICarts 2). In other words, the cultural policy of the country was under an ideological influence and control. The Soviet cultural policy and its administration were under the lines of strict command of the party. The cultural events and institutions were used by the party to legitimize Communism. The privileges were offered to the artists. In this way the artists were attracted to the ruling circles and they were prevented to produce artifacts criticizing the regime (Council of Europel/ERICarts 2). As a result of such policy implementation, democratic forms of cultural self government cannot be established in Lithuania. Lithuania was one of the post-Soviet era East European countries that applied European Union for full membership. Like all other candidate countries, Lithuania had to take the necessary steps in order to fulfill the criteria defined by the Union in order to become a member of the Union. The Maastrich criteria, which Lithuania was expected to fulfill, consist of three criterions. The first one of these is the political according to which every candidate country should adopt rule of law, respect minority rights, and stable democratic institutions. Varbanova, 54) The second criterion is the economic one. Under this criterion a candidate country should adopt a well functioning market economy and should be able to compete in the European market. (Varbanova, 54) The third criterion is the adoption of â€Å"acquis communautaire† and the last criterion is to have the capacity to fulfill the membership obligations. As far as the cultural policy during the accession process is concerned , the candidate countries are required to complete a questionnaire on the economic and public sectors which includes ulture and audio visual policy. (Varbanova, 54) The questionnaire includes legislation for protecting cultural heritage, legislation in the field of broadcasting, the national system for the support of artistic activities, professional training, and arts education. (Varbanova, 54) In this respect, Lithuania benefited from the European financial support schemes provided to candidate countries under the Culture Program, Structural Funds, and European initiatives to advance cultural cooperation. With the end of the Communist regime in 1989, a new era in the Lithuanian politics has started. The country turned its face to Europe and started to implement the necessary measures to be a liberal democracy. This process also affected the Lithuanian cultural policy. In the year of 1991, the Lithuanian government has adopted a new program called â€Å"Market†, Democracy Freedom which set a new direction of the Lithuanian cultural policy as the program included a specific objective which was the development of a â€Å"Lithuanian Cultural Model†. Dufton, 15) This new cultural model aimed to bring freedom of expression, democratic process and an arms length approach, according to which the policy making and policy implementation in the area of culture would be separated from each other. In other words, the new program brought decentralization to the Lithuanian cultural policy. On the other hand, throughout the 1990s the decisions taken regarding the cultural policy in Lith uania cannot be taken appropriately due to the some problems faced by the country. The first problem the country faced regarding the cultural policy was the lack of money as a result of which the projects could not be implemented. The second problem was the lack of local government tradition. The third problem was the exclusion of some sectors of the population from cultural activities and the fourth problem was the contradictions in the legislation. (Dufton, 18) The cultural activities which were financed by the central and local government generally were spent on the existing cultural institutions such as theaters, cinemas, libraries etc. As the number of the audiences and the performances decreased the burden of financing the cultural activities started to rest with the government. (Dufton, 19) The decision making process regarding the cultural policy was at the hands of the high executives. As a result, most of the important channels were cut off from the process, leading to disintegration in cultural services. (Dufton, 19) As the problems in the above mentioned areas continued to exist, Lithuania passed a law, Law on the Amendment of the Law on Local Self-Government, for the decentralization of the cultural policy making and implementation. The law provided the local governments the legal and administrative capacities to implement cultural policy according to the needs of their communities. Another development in the decentralization of cultural policy came in 2002, when the Lithuanian government adopted the Cultural Development Program of the Regions, with the aim to form the administrative, financial, legal and information basis for the development of regional culture (Council of Europel/ERICarts 10). In 2002, Lithuania adopted a document called â€Å"State’s Long Term Development Strategy† defining the aims of the Lithuanian cultural policy as â€Å"to preserve and promote common European cultural values and national identity, to warrant its prolongation, openness and competitiveness in contemporary Lithuanian, European and the World cultural context†. (Council of Europel/ERICarts, 11) Furthermore, the new cultural policy aimed to guarantee participation in culture life of the Lithuanian society and consumption of culture. The cultural identity of the Lithuanian culture was defined as the use of national language, state protection of the ethnic culture, national heritage, and support national minorities living in Lithuania. (Council of Europel/ERICarts, 12) Moreover, the cultural policy aimed to improve the administrative system on national heritage protection, expand the democracy in cultural life, to set the basic principles for state’s support to art and artists, to stimulate regional cultural development and cooperation of tourism and cultural institutions, and to develop the information society and access to culture. Council of Europel/ERICarts, 12) In this respect it can rightly be argued that the cultural policy adopted by Lithuania was in line with the cultural policy objectives of the Union. It aimed to promote European values as a part of the Lithuanian culture, to promote cooperation with other states regarding the cultural programs, to increase the participation of the Lithuanian soc iety in cultural programs and to promote the Lithuanian culture in such a way that all the different elements of the Lithuanian society would be reflected. Current Issues in Lithuanian Cultural Policy National minorities and their place in the Lithuanian cultural policy are some of the current issues in the Lithuanian cultural policy. Lithuania has been one of the first Central and Eastern European counties which passed the Law on National Minorities. (Council of Europel/ERICarts, 13) Under this law the national minorities have the right to receive state support for fostering of their national culture. They have access to information and press in their native language and to establish cultural and educational organizations. Furthermore, the national minorities are given the right to organize cultural events in their native languages. Moreover, the minorities have the right to publish books and newspapers in their own languages. In addition to this, according of the Law of Education the educational institution should provide information on ethnic cultures into their curricula. (Council of Europel/ERICarts, 13) In 2004 the Lithuanian government passed the Program of Integration of National Minorities into Society for the years 2005-2010 with the objectives of integrating national minorities into Lithuanian cultural life, preservation of ethnic identities of minorities, and development of coherent relationships with the minorities. Council of Europel/ERICarts, 14). The state and the municipalities provide financial support for the cultural organizations and events of the national minorities. As it is mentioned above another main objective of the Lithuanian Cultural Policy is to promote openness of the Lithuanian national culture through promoting Lithuanian culture abroad and to familiarize the local population with the culture of other nations. The regions where the national minorities lived as majorities have adopted special cultural programs and education programs. Council of Europel/ERICarts, 14) In addition to integrate the national minorities into the culture of Lithuania, these programs also aim to bring regional economic development to these areas. As it is mentioned above, one of the aims of the Lithuanian cultural policy is to bring equal access to the culture to everyone in the culture life of the country. The programs adopted by the government such as The Regional Culture Development Program and the Support to Young Artists Program brought measures to increase the participation to regional cultural events and to integrate the young artists into the cultural market. Council of Europel/ERICarts, 14) Although the state remained as the main supported of the above mentioned cultural programs, the private sector started to emerge as an important supporter and initiator of cultural events in Lithuania. Private sector in cooperation with NGOs implemented many social cohesion acts such as the Open Air Museum of the Centre of Europe, which also was included into the Culture 2000 Project of the Union. (Council of Europel/ERICarts, 14) Artistic Parks in Nature: the Bridge for Teaching Contemporary Art in Schools was a project developed by the private sector and NGOs. It involved young people and professional artists from different countries. The project, Uzupio Respublika has been one of the important projects developed under the Lithuanian cultural policy. (Council of Europel/ERICarts, 14). It was started by a group of young artists in 1990s. It became an important place for the cultural organizations such as festivals. Publications of books and film productions also have taken their places in the Lithuanian Cultural Policy. Translation of foreign books into Lithuanian language has become one of the priorities according to the cultural policy of the country. As far as the film production is concerned, the state plays an important role in the financial support. After the accession to the European Union the film producers started to cooperate with companies from other countries. The cultural heritage and its protection is one of the important areas under the Lithuanian cultural policy. In 1994 with a law passed by the government, the Law on the Basic National Security of Lithuania, cultural heritage became a national security object. (Council of Europel/ERICarts, 17- 18) During the last years the government has taken several steps in the area. Training programs for the protection of national heritage were implemented with the fund provided by World Heritage Fund. The protection of the heritage was also decentralized as the local authorities were given more funds for the protection of heritage. However, the insufficient funding remains as an important problem in the protection of heritage. Conclusion Lithuania has adapted its cultural policy according to the cultural policy aims of the European Union. The country has taken the necessary measures to protect its national culture, including the culture of the national minorities. It has developed and implemented programs in order to familiarize its society with the different cultural elements that existed within Lithuania. The country also developed cultural programs to promote the Lithuanian culture abroad and cooperated with other countries in this regard. Moreover, the country has also promoted the idea of protection of national heritage and has taken the necessary steps, despite some financial problems the policy regarding heritage works well. In 2009 Lithuania involved in the European Capital of Culture Project with Vilnius. In this regard, it can rightly be stated that the Lithuanian cultural policy has affected by the ideas promoted by the European cultural policy in the sense that Lithuania promoted a democratic national cultural policy, embracing the European identity and promoting the Lithuanian one. As far as the other side of the coin, the European cultural policy is concerned, it can be suggested that the Union’s cultural policy is not affected by the Lithuanian cultural policy. But as it is the case with other member states, Lithuanian cultural policy contributes to the development of the European culture and identity. With the adopted projects Lithuanian culture is known in other member states of the European Union and the European identity gains another component; Lithuanian. In other words, the programs promoted by the Union which are adopted and implemented by Lithuania enrich the European culture and identity. Bibliography Bozoki, Andras. Cultural Policy and Politics at European Union. Retrieved 01. 05. 2009, from â€Å"137. 204. 115. 130/activities/download/Bozoki/Cultural%20Policy%20and%20Politics%20in%20the%20Eu † Council of Europe/ERICarts: Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe. 10th edition 2008. ttp://www. culturalpolicies. net/web/index. php Dewey, Patricia (Summer 2008) â€Å"Transnational Cultural Policymaking in the European Union. † The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society. vol 38. 2 (Summer 2008): 99- 118. EBSCO. Suna Kirac Lib. Koc U. http://0web. ebscohost. com. libunix. ku. edu. tr. Dufton, Bill. (1998) â€Å"Cultural Policy in Lithuanina. † Council of Europe. Cultural Development Policies in Member States. Retrieved 02. 05. 2009, http://www. coe. int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/Source/Policies/Reviews/CC-CULT(97)24B_EN. pdf Kouveliotis, Kyriakos. â€Å"The Impact of EU’s Cultural

Nuclear essays

Nuclear essays Even from the beginning of civilization, mankind has taken nature and the environment totally for granted. Nature was something that was feared, and considered to be God's gift to mankind, and that man can use it as his disposal. Since the earliest civilizations, mankind has chopped down trees, hunted animals, and fished to survive. However, this was necessary for survival, as any animal would need to do. This was in the very beginning, and the world population was low. However, as mankind's population increased, we put more and more of a strain on the earth's environment. Especially during the past several hundred years, mankind has totally ignored the safety and stability of the earth. During the industrial revolution, the mass manufacturing of products became more and more efficient as the demand became more nad more efficient; however, in order to do this, many factories had to be made. People dumped toxins into rivers. They chopped down and cleared massive stretches of forests. These factories not only manufactured goods but pumped out pollutants at alarming rates. Those that continued to ruin and decimate the health of the environment were totally blind to their actions, and had even less knowledge of the consequences of them. Despite this, in recent years people have become aware that the environment is in danger, and are taking action to remedy what was done in the past and to prevent further harm to the environment. As a result, many peope are finally beginning to realize that mankind cannot dominate and control nature, but must cooperate with it in order to survive. Even in recent years, there are many concerns that threaten our world. The explosion of population growth around the world has introduced many new problems, many of them currently without solutions. The containment of both water and soil has become a major concern. Sewage and other dangerous toxins have polluted our lakes, rivers and oceans; many of these ...

Should juveniles punished or try as adults Research Paper

Should juveniles punished or try as adults - Research Paper Example The reasoning behind this is actually quite simple. The full grown adults believe that although a child / teenager is involved in a very adult crime, such as murder, he does not truly grasp the meaning and reality of his actions. One mistake during his childhood should not condemn him to a life of hard core punishment. Although such argument tend to hold water among child psyche experts, parents, and some sympathetic courts, the reality of the situation is that the child committed a major crime. A crime that could land an adult in prison for a very long time. Nobody can ever be sure that a child did the crime â€Å"with little understanding of his actions†. If a juvenile committed the offense, he definitely has at least a basic understanding of what the outcome of his actions might be. Therefore, he should not be sheltered from the results of his actions. Rather, he must be made to face up to the resulting consequences of his actions. That is the only way to truly rehabilitate a juvenile delinquent and make sure that he does not grow up to become a social problem. A social problem who as an adult, poses a grave threat to our children, our livelihood, and our very lives. People like former Gov. Jeb Bush believe that â€Å""There should be some sensitivity that a 14-year-old is not a little adult." (Reaves, 2011). His comment is based on the understanding that a fourteen year old does not have the mental capacity to formulate a murder scenario, get his hands on a lethal weapon such as a gun, and use it against someone whom he feels did him wrong. That might have been true during the time of the youth of the governor. However, the increasingly violent movies shown on television, cable TV, and the internet has removed that cloak of innocence in a child. These days, a child of 14 has the full understanding and ability to kill anybody as evidenced by cases like 14 year old Nathan Brazil who was found guilty of second degree murder after killing his teacher in 2011. (Reaves, 2011) Experts who study the human brain say that it was wrong for those Brazil to have been tried as an adult. Their argument being based on their research studies indicating that â€Å"...the brain's prefrontal lobe, which some scientists speculate plays a crucial role in inhibiting inappropriate behavior, may not reach full development until age 20. â€Å" (Reaves, 2011) If we are to believe the experts about how long it takes for the human brain to actually develop, then we would all still be juvenile delinquents at the age of 20, not held responsible for being drunk drivers, doing drugs, or bullying other kids because â€Å"Hey, I'm just a kid. I know nothing!†. I sincerely doubt that most parents and others who are involved in the life of the delinquent would truly buy such a pathetic explanation or excuse in relation to the actions of a juvenile delinquent. By saying that a child does not have the mental capacity to understand his course of actions, we are giving this soon to be adult an easy out. Failing to take into consideration that these children are exposed to violence every single day of their lives. (Schwartz, 2010) Be it in the media, the movies, or even at school, these children see increasingly disturbing amounts of violence and, because of the way that adult news programs report the events, give them some sort of understanding as to what happened and why. Indeed, they may not have the same capacity as an adult to plan the

Analysis and reports Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis and reports - Statistics Project Example Out of 49 respondents, 17 (34.69%) of the respondents have experience within 1 year, 7 (14.29%) of the respondents have experience between 1 and 5 years, 16 (32.65%) of the respondents have experience between 5 and 10 years and 7 (14.29%) of the respondents have experience above 10 years. 2 (4.08%) of the respondents did not respond. First of all the anxiety related questions were identified as from question 5 to question 22. The total of all this anxiety scores were added and kept as total anxiety score. For example, for the first respondent, the anxiety score is 51, then for 2nd the anxiety score is 58 etc..(File is attached). Similarly all the respondents’ anxiety scores were added and the total anxiety score was computed. Secondly all the confidence related questions were identified as from question 23 to question 35 and question 39. The total of all this confidence scores were added and kept as total confidence score. For example, for the first respondent, the confidence score is 50, then for 2nd the confidence score is 51 etc.. Similarly all the respondents’ confidence scores were added and the total confidence score was computed. The correlation between education and anxiety score is 0.13 and not significant (probability 0.372), the correlation between education and confidence score is -0.041 and not significant (probability 0.779). The correlation between experience and anxiety score is 0.187 and not significant (probability 0.209), the correlation between experience and confidence score is 0.159 and not significant (probability 0.285). At the outset, the anxiety score and confidence score are not having significant correlations with either age, education and experience. One should have some other criteria to investigate the valid correlations with anxiety score and confidence score. The other things can be marital status, income level and social

Investigating the resistance of a wire Essay Example for Free

Investigating the resistance of a wire Essay The experiment is safe because the voltage from the multimeter will do no harm to you and you should not use it near water. Method I am investigating the resistance of a wire and testing what happens to the current if I use different lengths of wires. First I will use 10cm of wire and connect the multimeter up properly like the picture below also I would measure the wire exactly then I would place the crocodile clips on the ends of the wire and do that for every 10cms up to 200cms and record the resistance. I would use all of the same equipment again and do the experiment another 2 times to workout the average. Diagram I will make the experiment accurate by doing all of the below and do the same test three times to work out an average   1. Using the same equipment   2. Measure the wire.   3. Connecting everything together properly 4. Once set up do not disturb the experiment   5. Make sure the multimeter is set to Ohms   6. Using the setting on the multimeter. If I wanted to get very precise results I could do the experiment another few times This is how I kept it a fair test:   If you change the length you must keep.   The wire the same width.   The same material. The same temperature. Prediction I predict the longer the wire the more power will be resisted. That is because in a longer piece of wire the electrons collide with the atoms. Obtaining Results Table Observations Analysing Graphs Evaluation Errors Possible Improvements.

The Existence Of External Forces :: essays research papers

The Existence of External Forces   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To determine whether a particular action was decided upon by an individual or whether the action was predetermined one must study its cause. In studying cause one finds that there are two types of causes those that are typified by natural laws, such as a dropped book falling to the ground, and those typified by the moral considerations of men. This distinction is important because it shows both that no man can control his environment contrary to the laws of natural or scientific laws, but neither are his actions completely out of his control.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first type of cause we can consider as accepted facts, these would be the natural and scientific laws that all objects must obey. It is obviously false to assume that a man may walk through a tree or fly like a bird, but these things can be factors in the set of causes leading to an action.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second type of cause is more difficult to define. It is made up of the past experience and perceptions of men, but more importantly it is the way in which men use these things. This type of cause is arrived at differently in everyone, and it cannot be measured, predicted, or understood as well as the other type. In fact it is often unable to be seen at all, but it must exist simply because the entire world or even the simple workings of one man's brain cannot be described completely using only the laws of nature. A complex moral decision is created in the mind of men by more that just a random or predictable set of electrical impulses, but by the not completely understood spiritual and psychological make-up of men. This type is the â€Å"true† cause of an action.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When one sees this combination of causes he must accept the idea of dualism. Dualism is the idea that there are two hemispheres of the universe, the physical, ordered and understood by science, and the spiritual, abstract and not understood. The spiritual hemisphere is the force that guides actions that cannot be explained solely by physical causes. While the moralistic cause may have more weight in the type of action, it cannot ever defy natural laws. For this reason both radical determinism and free will seem impossible. With this description given, to determine the amount of free will that a thing has, it is only necessary to see how that thing uses or is affected by the two types of causes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Let us first consider man. Man is obviously the creature for which this

Comparison Of Smes Between China And German Economics Essay

Nowadays the universe economic system has entered the epoch of planetary competition. Economic competition is far more intense than any old historical period, and its strength is turning really fast, so many SMEs face a crisis and a bad state of affairs. The Nobel Laureate in economic sciences, Stiglitz ( cite? ) pointed out that the current globalisation procedure is driven by the involvement of international companies, and it has exacerbated the inequality in the universe. When foreign endeavors enter one state, they frequently destroy local rivals and crush down the aspirations of local SMEs to develop their national industry. Chinese SMEs have 95 % of the entire figure of the national endeavors, and over 3/4 of the urban employed population working in SMEs. Statisticss besides show that SMEs in China are the most dynamic portion of its economic, involve about 65 % of the patented engineering, and more than 75 % of the engineering invention. 80 % of new merchandises are developed by SMEs. Big concern besides comes from the development of SMEs. There is no uncertainty the hereafter of China ‘s economic system to a greater extent dependant on the development of SMEs. Stiglitz besides pointed out that unemployment is more harmful than waste of resources, it is likely to destruct the full market economic system ( mention! ) , while the engine of making new occupations is SMEs. So, how can SMEs to cover with the challenges of globalisation? Possibly the German companies can supply us with the best illustration. The German professor of direction, Herman Simon started to analyze the German endeavors because he was asked such a hard job when he sing Harvard Business School: Germany ‘s top 500 endeavors, in the universe ranking public presentation, are non outstanding, so how can Germany go the universe top exporter for such a long clip, and how did Germany go a universe economic heavyweight. The ten old ages of research findings surprised him.The original German exporters every bit good as the pillar of the economic system is non those familiar companies like Siemens, Bayer, Mercedes-Benz, and so on, but some unknown SMEs such as Brita, Hauni, and Xilabulan. They focus on a peculiar industry, but far more in front in the international market than any other concern, such as production of Brita H2O filters which now have 85 % of the universe market. Most of these SMEs are non familiar to media and public, but they are the true title-holder exporters. There are 100s of those stealth title-holder companies in Germany. Do non believe that they are now little size concerns. For illustration, in the production of tropical fish provender, the Tetra company owns 60 % of the planetary market portion, .Although this is a niche merchandise, it has a turnover of 6 billion USD, and Tetra have wholly-owned subordinates in more than 100 states in the universe. The ground why these SMEs in Germany are little-known to people, is that they are largely non able and non willing to pass 1000000s in self-promotion, or they even intentionally avoid contact with the media in order to avoid excessively many trouble because it might increase the figure of rivals and impersonators. In drumhead, for the developing Chinese SMEs, by comparing the endeavors criterion, direction public presentation, fiscal intermediation and societal services, we should be able to sum up the differences between the two states and seek to derive experience for China.Methodology:Will utilize the methodological analysis of comparative surveies, statistic analyzing, inductive logic.Research inquiry:Differences of endeavors standard, direction public presentation, fiscal intermediation and societal services between China and German.a†¦ . Enterprises standard comparative survey between China and Germany.Standard of the Germans SMEs At present, the popular criterions for SMEs in Germany are the new commissariats for SMEs criterion introduced by the SME Research Center in Bonn and the European Union in 2003. The consequence of Standard Research from SME Research Center in Bonn is shown in Table 1 Table 1 The SME criterion of Germany and the European Uniona‘? Firm size Employees ( No. of individual ) Gross saless per twelvemonth ( 10,000 of EURO ) Firm size Employees ( No. of individual ) Gross saless per twelvemonth ( 10,000 of EURO ) Assetss ( 10,000 of EURO ) Micro & lt ; 9 & lt ; 200 & lt ; 200 Small a†°Ã‚ ¤9 & lt ; 100 Small 10~49 & lt ; 1000 & lt ; 1000 Medium 100~499 100~5000 Medium 50~249 & lt ; 5000 & lt ; 4300 Large a†°?500 a†°?5000 SMEs a†°Ã‚ ¤250 a†°Ã‚ ¤5000 a†°Ã‚ ¤4300 Standard of the Chinese SMEsa‘ µ Chinese SME criterion is introduced by the National Development and Reform Commission Ministry of Finance, National Bureau of Statistics survey in 2003 formulated the â€Å" Probationary Regulations on Standards for SMEs † , such as shown in table 2. Table 2 The SME criterion of chinaa‘ µ Industries Firm size Employees ( No. of individual ) Gross saless per twelvemonth ( 10,000 of RMB/EURO ) Assetss ( 10,000 of RMB/EURO ) Industry Small & lt ; 300 & lt ; 3000/290 & lt ; 4000/387 Medium 300~2000 3000~30000/290~2900 4000~40000/387~3868 Construction Small & lt ; 600 & lt ; 3000/290 & lt ; 4000/387 Medium 600~3000 3000~30000/290~2900 Wholesaling Small & lt ; 100 & lt ; 3000/290 Medium 100~200 3000~30000/290~2900 Retail trade Small & lt ; 100 & lt ; 1000/97 Medium 100~500 1000~15000/97~1451 Transportation system Small & lt ; 500 & lt ; 3000/290 Medium 500~3000 3000~30000/290~2900 Postal services Small & lt ; 400 & lt ; 3000/290 Medium 400~1000 3000~30000/290~2900 Hotel & A ; providing Small & lt ; 400 & lt ; 3000/290 Medium 400~800 3000~15000/290~1541 3. Decision In drumhead, by comparing of the SMEs criterion between China and German can pull the undermentioned decisions: First, the SMEs criterion of China is different from Germany, except the criterion of figure of employees, with entire assets and gross revenues of three commonly are utilizing international indexs, industry indexs as standards for categorization of endeavors with Chinese features. In the standard demands of the seven industries, the primary industry and third industry is non included. The major difference between different industries is the figure of employees.a†¦? . Business direction public presentation comparing between China and Germany1. Business public presentation of Germany SMEs At the terminal of 2005, the figure of SMEs is 99.7 % a‘ ¶of entire figure of endeavors in Germany has reached 33.8 million of gross revenues, in the terminal of 2004 micro-enterprises ( less than nine workers and gross revenues in 2 million euros or less ) ocuppy 81 % of SMEs, making 18.2 % of entire employment. By the terminal of 2005 the gross revenues of German SMEs achieved 39.1 % of entire, supplying 70.9 % of employment ; by the terminal 2004 the added value created 46.7 % , 51.5 % of investings, exports of 66.4 % .The development of SMEs in Germany has a clear difference between parts and industries. There is a rapid develop of west Germany SMEs. German SMEs has an absolute advantage in the agribusiness, forestry and piscaries, building, adjustment and catering industry. Among them, little and average endeavors occupy 94 % of all agricultural endeavors, 85 % of all building endeavors, adjustment and catering industry, 89 % , services 60 % .a‘ ¶ 2. Business public presentation of Chinese SMEs Since 1997, SMEs have been turning quickly in China after authorities declared that the private sector is an of import portion for the state ‘s economic development. The figure of Small and medium endeavors in late 2006 range 42 million, busying more than 99 % of the entire figure of enterprisesa‘ · . At the terminal of 2002 the figure of Micro-enterprises ( less than nine workers ) reached 23.5 million, busying 56 % of the full little and average endeavors. Among them, micro-enterprises create 26.8 % of employment for entire registered labora‘? . During the tenth five-years plan period, little and average industrial endeavors reached about 28 % mean one-year growing rate of value-added, created 60 % of concluding goods and services and about 50 % of taxa‘ · . SMEs have become the chief channel for spread outing employment, supplying more than 75 % of urban occupations, and more than 80 % of discharged workers were re-employed in little and average endeavo rs, the bulk of migratory workers are working in little and average endeavors. A group of powerful SMEs explore the international market really actively. The information from the Ministry of Commerce shown that by the terminal of 2005, there is 88 % of endeavors investing is SMES in Africa a‘? . Chinese SME occupied 68 % of exports in late 2005 a‘? . The development of SMEs in China is besides evidently differences differences between parts and industries. SMEs are located in the eastern part, particularly the southeasterly coastal countries of Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Guangdong, Shandong, Shanghai and Beijing a‘? . Harmonizing to information provided by â€Å" China ‘s Economic Development Index for SMEs † , the fastest improving industry is the power, gas and H2O production and supply sectors and the index of bettering is 66.76 % ; The second is the building industry, for 66.09 % ; and 3rd is information transmittal, computing machine services and package industry, which is 65.92 % ; and the last is the fabrication sector with 63.22 % . In 1993, the norm registered capital of little and average endeavors is RMB 286,000, in 1995 is RMB 40 million, in 2002 it grow to RMB 2.5 million a‘ » . Because the deficiency of statistical informations for Chinese SMEs bankruptcy rate, there is a unsmooth estimation, bankruptcy rate of Chinese SMEs after the constitution in 3 to 5 old ages is every bit high as 50 % a‘ » . Because deficiency of statistical informations of Chinese SMEs bankruptcy rate. A unsmooth estimation, bankruptcy rate of Chinese SMEs after the constitution in 3 to 5 old ages is every bit high as 50 % a‘ » . 3. Decision In drumhead, through the comparative of little and average endeavors runing public presentation survey between China and Germany, the undermentioned decisions can be drawn. First, whether in the underdeveloped China, or in the developed Germany, little and average endeavors played a prima function in economic development, with the addition exports and make the new occupations. It stabilizes and be the hardcore for economic development and societal development. However, due to the particular background of China ‘s passage economic system, the SME absorb a big figure of discharged workers and excess rural labour force who fired by the state-owned endeavors. Regional is the 2nd ground for the differences between the development of SMEs in both states. The chief difference in Germany is because it divided into East and West. In China, it is because of the coastal countries and inland countries. Therefore, the development of little and average endeavors and regional degrees of economic development are closely linked. Third, due to the lower capital ratio, Chinese and German SMEs both have a high rate of bankruptcy.a†¦? . A Comparative Study of Chinese and German SME fiscal intermediation1. German SME funding The chief resource for SMEs loaning is from sedimentation Bankss, which is about 44.8 % within the entire loans, 20.3 % from the co-operative Bankss, 20.2 % from the private Bankss ( Deutsche Bank, Commerzbank, Dresdner Bank and Postbank ) . This proportion of loaning does non alter much in the market portion for a long clip already. There is a direct relationship for the application of bank loans between the successful and the direction of the house. If the gross revenues are less than 100 1000000s euro, the rejection rate for the application of loans reaches 34.7 % . However, if the gross revenues are over 5000 million euro, the rejection rate is merely about 6.6 % .a‘? Harmonizing to the study for the rejection of bank loans, 49.3 % of houses are unable to supply warrants or collateral, 46.8 % is because of the deficiency of free capital and there is 36 % for the alterations in banking policy.With the development of the capital market and the banking system in Germany, there are some alterations for funding within SMEs: ( 1 ) . the standardisation of first balcony funding reduces the cost and the proportion is increasing in the funding market. The German first balcony financing market becomes the 2nd largest market and the first is United Kingdom. With the addition of the first balcony funding, the houses are able to increase their ain capital ratios, thereby increasing the sum of external finance to broaden the beginnings of funding. ( 2 ) . the plus securitization and private capital investing has became the chief resources for the funding in German through the rise in capital market. CLOs: Collateralized Loan Obligations is issued by the bank for the plus securitization in SME. The German Reconstruction bank, KfW Bankengruppe, has developed PROMISE for comprehensive merchandise trading. This market in Germany developed quickly and the trading sum reached 20 billion euro for the first 6 months in 2006. The SME loan securitization market development will take the connexion between the traditional and modern banking establishment. This helps the SME ‘s funding and greatly heighten the liquidness, security of dealing and profitabiliy for Bankss. 2. Chinese SMEs Financing In the World Bank study about China ‘s investing environment, they compared with other Asiatic states and shown China ‘s SMEs are confronting a more serious recognition restraint. In 2000, single and private endeavors received short-run loans merely, by all fiscal establishments to 1 % . The proprietor of the portion of ain capital funding will be reduced as the graduated table of concern rise. Large-scale endeavors ( with figure of employees from 100 to 500 people ) funding from the proprietor ‘s ain financess accounted for 22 % ; but in less than 50 individuals is 45 % . If the proprietor ‘s ain financess and retained net incomes are added as a beginning of funding within the figure of employees is less than 52 little concerns and 67 % of the financess is from the endogenous funding ; in more than 100 big endeavors, the per centum is 57 % . In add-on, the successful rate of obtaining bank loans for the large-scale endeavors is clearly more than the little endeavors. If the bank loans and financess received from the rural recognition co-ops as a amount of intermediation of financess from fiscal establishments, there is merely 8 % for the little concerns get financing while big endeavors are 27 % .. a‘? Professor Lin Hanchuan ( 2003 ) a‘?conducted two studies for the current state of affairs of SMEs in 1998. The first study showed that 75 % of surveyed venture capital funding comes chiefly from self-financing ; acquire bank loans, finance companies accounted for 53.5 % of them state-owned endeavors accounted for 94 % . Bank loans from state-owned banking establishments in the bulk, there are a little figure of corporate endeavors received loans from rural recognition co-ops. And 25 % of private SMEs funding is from non-formal funding channels. The 2nd canvass for the first clip similar consequences, 55 % of the surveyed endeavors to capital derived from the ego, 24 % of the surveyed companies 50 % of the working capital come from self-financing, merely 9 % of endeavors to capital come from bank loans. China Industrial and Commercial Federation and the China Private Economy Research Committee make five probes in 1993,1995,1997,2000 and 2002. Self-financing is the chief signifier of capital funding for SMEs, accounting for 65.5 % , bank loan funding is 21 % a‘? . In the 2002 study, 3258 was merely 23.4 % of SMEs surveyed by the funding Bankss and rural recognition co-ops. Obtaining bank loans to finance companies, 30 % of the endeavors get bank loans for less than RBM 10 million, 73.4 % of endeavors less than RBM 100 million. 53.8 % of the companies with â€Å" trouble in obtaining loans † are the obstruction to enterprise development, one of the most of import factor a’ˆ . Chinese SMEs using for bank loans, faced with three â€Å" favoritism † : the ownership of favoritism, size of favoritism and favoritism in the part. Harmonizing to the standard corporate ownership for the types of endeavors, taking to the Bankss of the differential intervention of different ownership endeavors. With the increasing degrees of economic openness and regional favoritism, favoritism in ownership bit by bit replaced. In more developed countries, non-state-owned endeavors are more readily available for bank loans. Guangdong, for illustration, in 1999 for non-state economic system, portion of bank loans has exceeded the province economic system, accounting for 56 % in 2002 lifting to 65 % . Because of the size of SMEs is self-limited with the deficiency of applications for bank loans warrants and collateral, hence, the smaller the size of the endeavor are more hard for bank loans from Bankss and other formal fiscal establishments, fiscal intermediation, which resulted in the graduated table of favoritism in bank loans. Table 3 Loans for SMEs gained from bank when established Loan sum Sample proportion Sample endeavors Loan sum Sample proportion Sample endeavors & lt ; 0.5 3.66 35 30~50 11.84 113 0.5~1 2.41 23 50~100 11.74 113 1~5 13.42 128 100~200 4.51 43 5~10 11.74 112 200~500 15.51 148 10~15 3.04 29 500~1000 3.14 30 15~20 9.01 86 & gt ; 1000 3.46 33 20~30 6.05 62 Entire 100 954 SME loans among banking establishments in different and uneven development. For illustration, Sichuan Province, as of the terminal of 2007, three big state-owned commercial Bankss accounted for the state ‘s little concern loans little concern loans to 50.31 per centum, but merely the bank ‘s loans to 11.42 % ; while metropolis commercial Bankss and recognition bureau issued little concern loans accounted for 23.84 % , but it is the bank ‘s loan balance of 48.48 % a’? . Large state-owned commercial Bankss are merely developing micro-credit operations from the central office with the particular demands and more restrictive conditions, so the enthusiasm is non high. 3. Decision ( 1 ) there is widespread trouble in obtaining loans for SMEs, non merely is a passage economic system like China, that is, the economically developed in Germany every bit good. Endogenous funding is the chief beginning of SME funding, bank funding accounted for 26.3 % in Germany, but in China, this proportion is much smaller. ( 2 ) SMEs using for bank loans to the trouble is due chiefly to the deficiency of security or collateral, equity capital is unequal. However, in Germany, the banking sector SME loaning alterations are hard for particular grounds ; in China it is the ownership restraints. ( 3 ) funding merchandises offered by fiscal establishments in a individual, hard to run into the funding demands of SMEs in specific variegation. In China, fiscal establishments, the chief funding merchandises offered by bank loans. However, in Germany, in add-on to the traditional bank loan funding outside the capital, first balcony funding and securitization funding portion on the rise. ( 4 ) Germany there is a clear division of labour between Bankss, organizing the major banking establishments for SMEs, sedimentation Bankss and concerted Bankss. Local operation of these Bankss are specialised Bankss, has carried out the comparative advantages of SMEs. In China, about all of the banking establishments have developed little and average endeavors financing concern, nevertheless, big state-owned commercial Bankss and deficiency of motive. Fourth, China and Germany Comparative Study of the societal service system for SMEs SME development requires non merely fiscal intermediation of fiscal services, but besides a assortment of security, evaluations, advice, information and engineering, societal services. Social service system, the building and flawlessness is a requirement for rapid development of SMEs.a†¦? . Comparison of societal service between Chinese and Germany SMEs1. Germany ‘s societal service system for SMEs Germany ‘s societal service system for SMEs is comparatively healthy. Auditing organic structures, accounting houses and banking establishments provide SMEs with the chief information services. In Germany, the chief bank for SMEs, non merely in corporate finance has played a prima function, but besides provide SMEs with a assortment of confer withing, information, and assist them explicate a development program and other intermediary services besides play an unreplaceable function. German SME recognition warrant system for the development of early, early in 1954 set up its first guaranteed Bankss. Presently, in Germany, each province guaranteed at least one bank. After more than 50 old ages of development, Garanti Bank has established a sound recognition evaluation system, a major consideration factors such as corporate fiscal factors ( fiscal place, net incomes, etc. ) on their ain qualities ( director ‘s direction ability, concern history ) , enterprise development stat e of affairs ( merchandises, markets, etc. ) , and historical records ( recognition and non-compliance records, etc. ) . Garanti Bank secured rates at 1.75 % ~ 2.5 % , rate accommodations are chiefly based on the industry in which companies, merchandises and markets, risk-related. Germany guarantees bank loans to bank-specific recognition risk-sharing ratio of 8:2. Occurs when the secured bank loan losingss, the Government has to bear the loss of 65 % , the loaning bank to take hazards to 7 % , the security establishments to presume the hazard of 28 % . In add-on, the Garanti Bank asked to command the loss rate of 4 % or less, the excess by increasing the guaranteed rate, loss ratio or the Government to increase investing write-down, owned, etc.. At nowadays, single warrants Bankss mean loss rate of about 1 % . SMEs have to cut down costs borne by the administrative scrutiny and blessing. In 2003 the German authorities, harmonizing to a study undertaken in the endeavor 460 sorts of administrative scrutiny and blessing costs, borne by SMEs accounted for 80 % . SMEs in order to cut down the costs borne by the administrative scrutiny and blessing, the German authorities promulgated the â€Å" cut down the load on SMEs jurisprudence † . Among them, a really of import step is the criterion Quasi-oriented little and average endeavors to set up, alteration, confer withing services, systems and procedures and processs, to better and heighten services at a velocity and quality. In add-on, when the constitution of little and average endeavors by simplifying administrative scrutiny and blessing processs, set up an electronic enrollment processs to enable endeavors to put up every bit long as on-line enrollment can be completed within a few yearss. 2. China ‘s development of a societal service system for SMEs ( 1 ) Government better the societal service system for SMEs, the steps the Chinese authorities attaches great importance to the development of SMEs, the determination in the â€Å" Eleventh Five-Year † during the execution of the â€Å" SME development undertakings. † This is China ‘s SME development plan of action, including bettering the societal service system for SMEs and improves relevant Torahs and ordinances, heighten the ability of scientific discipline and engineering invention of SMEs in nine steps a‘? . Laws and ordinances in the edifice of little and average endeavors, the Chinese authorities has promulgated the â€Å" SME Promotion Law of The People ‘s Republic of China † â€Å" the State Council on Encouraging, Supporting and steering the person and private and other non-public economic development in a figure of sentiments † , and formed a â€Å" SME Promotion Law † as the nucleus, the relevant supporting paperss to back up the publicity of SMEs and non-public economic development of Torahs, ordinances and policy model system to supply SMEs with a sound external environment for puting the foundation for the jurisprudence. The security system, China has started the pattern of SMEs recognition warrant in 1992, by 2006, the National SME recognition warrant establishments more than 1,000, a sum of 28.7 billion fund-raising, the cumulative sum of loan warrant 120 billion kwais, the cumulative security companies 5 10000.a’‚ In the proficient sup port for SMEs, the Chinese authorities chose Qingdao, Hefei and other metropoliss, combined with technological systems, established a city-backed, engineering invention services for SMEs, regional, professional engineering centre, while set uping and assorted types of technological invention and improved services. ( 2 ) the societal service system for SMEs, although the Chinese SMEs in the development of the societal service system has experienced from abrasion, from little to big rapid development, but still necessitate to foster better and hone. The chief jobs are: Servicess, higher costs. Banking Bureau in Sichuan SME study, the high cost of societal services is to forestall the funding of SMEs, a really of import ground. Small concerns in the procedure of using for bank loans may hold to pay, including audits, indirect appraisals, mortgage enrollment, security, notary, insurance, legal advice, recognition evaluation, concern enquiries, and other disbursals more than 10 points, its amalgamate disbursal ratio may be up to 10 % . Assessment and mortgage enrollment fees occupy a big proportion in bank loan. Mortgage registered in the duplicate of the enrollment, rating and fees, and charges required by the Government has non purely enforced and others are caused by extra direct cause of the high cost a’? . System is non perfect. Management of bank loans because of the high cost of a deficiency of societal recognition direction system, banking, industry and commercialism, revenue enhancement and other societal service bureaus have non yet set up a unified recognition direction system. Government in SME recognition warrant system to step in excessively much in the outgrowth of capital, operational construction and direction of many jobs. For illustration, many local authoritiess funded the constitution of fiscal security bureaus, on the one manus a erstwhile injection of financess, deficiency of compensation mechanism, warrant financess to little ; the other manus, the deficiency of commercial operation, can non fulfill the diversified demands of SMEs. Even in the U.S. , Japan and other large-scale government-funded national, policy loans guaranteed no more than 10 % of SME loans. Therefore, the SME policy entirely can non vouch security, but besides to play a private capital and commercial security function. 3. Decision ( 1 ) Germany ‘s societal system is sound and SME services, including accounting, confer withing, scrutinizing, information and other societal service bureaus. Banks non merely provide fiscal services to SMEs, but besides includes other information and consulting services. Chinese SMEs in the service of societal system, the building and betterment, the biggest job is how to better the warrant system for little and average endeavors. ( 2 ) The German authorities attaches great importance to the development of SMEs, but how the Government will play a back uping SME development, the two states have important differences. The German authorities wage attending to utilize of indirect, economic and legal agencies, such as revenue enhancement policy, through the national policy Bankss indirect fiscal support, to set up a incorporate information system, standardisation of the Government ‘s assorted administrative scrutiny and blessing systems and processs. In add-on, the German authorities by supplying more instruction and preparation chances and better the capacity of endeavor directors to accomplish long-run and sustainable development of SMEs. The Chinese authorities in advancing the development of SMEs in the greater usage of the direct administrative steps and intercessions. For illustration, fiscal investors to set up a recognition warrant system for little and average endeavors, direct operation and directio n of recognition warrant establishments, direct fiscal subsidies. ( 3 ) The German Government has set up export-oriented SMEs in specific administrative and societal service system. By the China Enterprise Evaluation Association in the â€Å" export-oriented SMEs in the survey † points out that China ‘s deficiency of specialised concern services for export-oriented societal system. In the surveyed endeavors, 51 % of export endeavors need to finance and consultative servicesa’? .a†¦Ã‚ ¤ . Enlightenment1. Chinese SMEs are little, but employed more workers, this is the alone consequence of the development phases and conditions. Due to the passage of Economic and societal system, China ‘s SMEs faces an more particular development environment. To work out the specific jobs of SMEs development in China, we ‘d break larning from international experience of other advanced, but besides need to considerate with the particular conditions of China. 2. Chinese SMEs criterions require timely updates and uninterrupted polish. 3. Chinese SMEs faced with the general trouble in obtaining loans, which are an of import beginning of funding. 4. Chinese SMEs warrants system for the commercial operations need imperative development. Guarantee bureaus need to set up a sound capital injection mechanism, modulate the investing of authorities financess and compensation mechanisms to accomplish the variegation of support beginnings. Learn from the successful experience of Germany, the debut of risk-sharing warrant establishments and compensation mechanisms. 5. The constitution of SMEs exporting to China ‘s societal system of professional services. With the uninterrupted development of China ‘s export-oriented economic system, export portion of gross national merchandise is lifting, it should better the export-oriented SMEs, including finance, and consulting, international operations required a assortment of particular services. The Government should put up specifically for the export-oriented SMEs, service platforms, and simplification of administrative scrutiny and blessing processs, hastening the blessing procedure. 6. Rationally specify the authorities ‘s function in SME development. International experience tells us that the Government should utilize economic and legal and other indirect means to cut down the direct administrative intercession and capital subsidy, thereby heightening the effectivity of policy execution to advance sustainable growing of SMEs.